Swift 3.0 (一)

转载自：酷走天涯（文中部分错误已修改 如发现请告知）

基本数据类型

• 使用 let 定义常量

let myConstant = 42

• 使用var 定义变量

var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50

• 如果有初始化，你可以指定变量类型或者让系统自己去推断

let implicitInteger = 70
let implicitDouble = 70.0
let explicitDouble: Double = 70

• 如果没有初始化，你要必须指定变量类型

var numb:Double

• 在Swift 中，字符串是基本类型

let label = "The width is "
width = 94

• 如何实现数据之间的相互转换

let 94
let widthLabel:String = String(width)

• 使用最简单的方式将其他数据类型变成字符串

let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let fruitSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."

• 数组也是基本类型，不再是OC中的引用类型了

var shoppingList = ["catfish","water",152)">"tulips",152)">"blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"

• 定义一个空数组

let emptyArray = [String]()
 let emptyArray:[String] = []

• 字典也是基本类型

var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",152)">"Kaylee": "Mechanic",]

• 将数组清空

var shopingList1 = ["1",152)">"2"]
 shopingList1 = [] // 如果你这个类型,是系统可以推断的类型,你可以这样清空数组或者初始化

• 定义一个空字典

let emptyDictionary = [String: Float]()
let emptyDictionary:[String: Float] = [:]

• 清空字典

dictionary = [1:"2"]
dictionary = [:]

---

可选值

let nickName: String? = nil

"?" ：你的变量可能为nil，或者你可能将nil赋值给它，需要给变量定义的时候加上"?"，否则一旦你将nil赋值给没有加"?"的变量，编译就会报错。
举个例子理解一下，我们假如有一个盒子，盒子是一个存在的物体，Swift不允许有空值出现，那我们怎么办呢？就需要把空值装到一个盒子里面，系统检查的时候，发现有一个盒子，哦好的，检测通过，但是如果你把盒子打开系统就会报错。

运行下面的代码:

let nickName: String? = "酷走天涯"
print(nickName)

结果:

Optional("酷走天涯")

发现有个Optional 就说明这个变量被包着，那么怎么才能不让它包裹着呢? 很简单，给变量加一个"!"

print(nickName!)

运行:

酷走天涯

---

我们还有一种解包的方式

String? = nil
let fullName: String = "XUJIE"
let informalGreeting = "Hi \(nickName ?? fullName)"
print(informalGreeting)

运行
Hi XUJIE

如果第一个解包值发现为nil,则使用第二值

控制流

• for ... in 循环

// 遍历数组
let individualscores = [75,43,152)">103,152)">87,152)">12]
var teamscore = 0
for score in individualscores {
  if score > 50 {
      teamscore += 3
} else {
    teamscore += 1
}
}
print(teamscore)
// 遍历 字典
let interestingNumbers = [
"Prime": [2,152)">3,152)">5,152)">7,152)">11,152)">13],152)">"Fibonacci": [1,152)">8],152)">"Square": [4,152)">9,152)">16,152)">25],]
var largest = for (kind,numbers) in interestingNumbers {
    for number in numbers {
        if number > largest {
            largest = number
        }
    }
 }
 // 还可以这样使用循环
  var total = 0
 for i in 0..<4 {
   total += i
 }
 print(total)

• Switch

let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
    print("Add some raisins and make ants on a log.")
"cucumber",152)">"watercress":
    "That would make a good tea sandwich.")
case let z where z.hasSuffix("pepper"):
    "Is it a spicy \(z)?")
default:
    "Everything tastes good in soup.")
}

注意 z 什么 随便写个变量名就可以了

• while 循环

var n = 2
  while n < 100 {
n = n * 2
}
print(n)

• repeat ...while

var m = 2
  repeat {
  m = m * 2
} while m < 100
print(m)

函数和闭包

定义函数

func greet(person: String,day: String) -> String {
return "Hello \(person),today is \(day)."
}
greet(person: "Bob",210)">day: "Tuesday")

• 缺省参数名

func greet(_ person: String,152)">_ day: String) -> 
}
greet("John",152)">"Wednesday")

• 返回值可以是元祖类型

func calculateStatistics(scores: [Int]) -> (min: Int,210)">max: Int,210)">sum: Int) {
min = scores[0]
max = scores[sum = in scores {
    if score > max {
        max = score
    } else if score < min {
        min = score
    }
    sum += score
}

return (min,210)">max,210)">sum)
}
let statistics = calculateStatistics(scores: [100,152)">9])
print(statistics.sum)
print(statistics.2)

• 定义多个类型相同的参数

func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
var sum = in numbers {
    sum += number
}
  return sum
}
sumOf()
sumOf(numbers: 42,152)">597,152)">12)

• 函数嵌套使用

returnFifteen() -> Int {
var y = 10
add() {
    y += 5
}
// 方法内部定义方法,声明周期为方法
add()
return y
}
returnFifteen()

• 函数当返回值

func makeIncrementer() -> ((Int) -> Int) { func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
        return 1 + number
}
return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)

• 函数当参数

hasAnyMatches(list: [Int],condition: (Int) -> Bool) -> Bool {
for item in list {
    if condition(item) {
        return true
    }
}
return false
}
lessthanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
    return number < 10
}
var numbers = [20,152)">19,152)">12]
hasAnyMatches(list: numbers,condition: lessthanTen)

对象和类

• 定义一个类

class Shape {
var numberOfSides = 0
func simpleDescription() -> String {
    "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}

• 初始化方法,和对象方法

NamedShape {
    var numberOfSides: Int = 0
    var name: String
    // 初始化方法
    init(name: String) {
       self.name = name
    }
    // 成员方法定义
    simpleDescription() -> String {
       "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
    }
}

• 继承

Square: NamedShape {
  var sideLength: Double  // 如果不是可选类型 必须在初始化方法中初始化

  init(sideLength: Double,name: String) {
    self.sideLength = sideLength
    super.init(name: name) // 调用父类的初始化方法
    numberOfSides = 4 // 给父类的属性赋值之前必须先调用父类的初始化方法
  }

  area() ->  Double {
      return sideLength * sideLength
  }

    // 重写父类的方法
    override String {
        "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
    }
  }

• setter 和 getter

EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double = 0.0  // 定一个属性
init(sideLength: Double,name: String) {
    self.sideLength = sideLength
    super.init(name: name)
    numberOfSides = 3

}
 // 这个是setter 和geterr方法的定义
  var perimeter: Double {
    get {
         3.0 * sideLength
    }
    set {
        sideLength = newValue / 3.0
    }
    }

override func simpleDescription() -> String {
    "An equilateral triangle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}

• 观察属性

class TriangleAndSquare {
  // 定一个三角形对象
  var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
    willSet {
        square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
    }
  }
  // 定一个一个正方形对象
  var square: Square {
    willSet {
        triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
    }
  }
  // 通过检测属性,我们让两个对象的边保持一样长
  init(size: Double,name: String) {
    square = Square(sideLength: size,name: name)
    triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size,name: name)
  }
  }
  var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10,name: "another test shape")
  print(triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength)
  print(triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)
  triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50,152)">"larger square")
  print(triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)

运行结果

10.0
10.0
50.0

枚举类型

• 定义

enum Rank: Int { // Int 设置枚举值的类型
// 定义枚举值设置值
case ace = 1
// 可以case 后面一次定义多个枚举值
case two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten
case jack,queen,king

// 定义函数 如果多人合作的时候,可以使用这个让别人更加了解你定义的属性的含义
String {
    switch self { // self 就是这个枚举本身
        case .ace:
            "ace"
        case .jack:
            "jack"
        case .queen:
            "queen"
        case .king:
            "king"
        default:
            return String(self.rawValue)
    }
}
}
// 使用
let ace = Rank.ace
let aceRawValue = ace.rawValue

问题1 如何想OC 一样使用 | 或操作呢?

结构体

struct Card { // 定义结构体 var rank: Rank var suit: Suit // 结构体内可以定义方法 "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())" } }
• 使用

let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .three,suit: .spades)
let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()

---

协议

protocol ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String { get } mutating adjust() }
• 给类添加协议

SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
 "A very simple class."
 var anotherProperty: 69105
 adjust() {
      simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."
 }
}

• 给结构体添加协议

SimpleStructure: "A simple structure"
 " (adjusted)"
 }
}

• 定义一个协议变量

let protocolValue: ExampleProtocol = a
print(protocolValue.simpleDescription)

扩展

例子:给Int 添加一个协议

extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
"The number \(self)"
}
    adjust() {
        self += 42
    }
}
print(7.simpleDescription)

错误操作

• 定义一个错误枚举

PrinterError: Error {
case outOfPaper
case noToner
case onFire
}

• 定义一个有异常处理能力的函数

send(job: Int,toPrinter printerName: String) throws -> if printerName == "Never Has Toner" {
    throw PrinterError.noToner
}
"Job sent"
}

• 捕捉异常

do {
let printerResponse = try send(job: 1040,toPrinter: "Bi Sheng")
print(printerResponse)
} catch {
print(error)
}

• 异常分类处理

1440,152)">"Gutenberg")
    catch PrinterError.onFire {
    print("I'll just put this over here,with the rest of the fire.")
} catch let printerError as PrinterError {
    "Printer error: \(printerError).")
} catch {
      print(error)
}

总结

Swift 的基本语法已经了解完毕,但这只是些简单的东西,如果Swift只是这些东西,那我们就没有学习的必要了,Swift的灵活性,优秀的设计模式,从上面的内容体现不出来,我会在后面几篇文章中,阐述它的高级用法!