在讲两者区别之前我们先看一下os.Exit()函数的定义:
func Exit(code int)
Exit causes the current program to exit with the given status code.
Conventionally,code zero indicates success,non-zero an error.
The program terminates immediately; deferred functions are not run.
注意两点:
再来看log.Fatal函数定义
func Fatal(v ...interface{})
Fatal is equivalent to Print() followed by a call to os.Exit(1).
看源代码:go/src/log/log.go
// Fatal is equivalent to l.Print() followed by a call to os.Exit(1).
func (l *Logger) Fatal(v ...interface{}) {
l.Output(2,fmt.Sprint(v...))
os.Exit(1)
}
总结起来log.Fatal函数完成:
和os.Exit()相比多了第一步。
// The panic built-in function stops normal execution of the current
// goroutine. When a function F calls panic,normal execution of F stops
// immediately. Any functions whose execution was deferred by F are run in
// the usual way,and then F returns to its caller. To the caller G,the
// invocation of F then behaves like a call to panic,terminating G's
// execution and running any deferred functions. This continues until all
// functions in the executing goroutine have stopped,in reverse order. At
// that point,the program is terminated and the error condition is reported,// including the value of the argument to panic. This termination sequence
// is called panicking and can be controlled by the built-in function
// recover.
func panic(v interface{})
注意几点:
- 函数立刻停止执行 (注意是函数本身,不是应用程序停止)
- defer函数被执行
- 返回给调用者(caller)
- 调用者函数假装也收到了一个panic函数,从而
4.1 立即停止执行当前函数
4.2 它defer函数被执行
4.3 返回给它的调用者(caller) - ...(递归重复上述步骤,直到最上层函数)
应用程序停止。 - panic的行为
简单的总结panic()就有点类似java语言的exception的处理,因而panic的行为和java的exception处理行为就非常类似,行为结合catch,和final语句块的处理流程。
下面给几个例子:
例子1:log.Fatal
package main
import (
"log"
)
func foo() {
defer func () { log.Print("3333")} ()
log.Fatal("4444")
}
func main() {
log.Print("1111")
defer func () { log.Print("2222")} ()
foo()
log.Print("9999")
}
运行结果:
$ go build && ./main
2018/08/20 17:48:44 1111
2018/08/20 17:48:44 4444
可见defer函数的内容并没有被执行,程序在log.Fatal(...)处直接就退出了。
例子2:panic()函数
package main
import (
"log"
)
func foo() {
defer func () { log.Print("3333")} ()
panic("4444")
}
func main() {
log.Print("1111")
defer func () { log.Print("2222")} ()
foo()
log.Print("9999")
}
运行结果:
$ go build && ./main
2018/08/20 17:49:28 1111
2018/08/20 17:49:28 3333
2018/08/20 17:49:28 2222
panic: 4444
goroutine 1 [running]:
main.foo()
/home/.../main.go:9 +0x55
main.main()
/home/.../main.go:15 +0x82
可见所有的defer都被调用到了,函数根据父子调用关系所有的defer都被调用直到最上层。
当然如果其中某一层函数定义了recover()功能,那么panic会在那一层函数里面被截获,然后由recover()定义如何处理这个panic,是丢弃,还是向上再抛出。(是不是和exception的处理机制一模一样呢?)