在JavaScript中,想要判断某个对象值属于哪种内置类型,最靠谱的做法就是通过Object.prototype.toString方法.
本文要讲的就是,toString方法是如何做到这一点的,原理是什么.
ECMAScript 3
在ES3中,Object.prototype.toString方法的规范如下:
2. 计算出三个字符串"[object ",第一步的操作结果Result(1),以及 "]"连接后的新字符串.
3. 返回第二步的操作结果Result(2).
[[Class]]是一个内部属性,所有的对象(原生对象和宿主对象)都拥有该属性.在规范中,[[Class]]是这么定义的
ottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; padding-right: 0px; font: 13px/24px doublequotes,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; white-space: normal; color: rgb(51,51,51); word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">
ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0,0); border-top: silver 1px solid; font-weight: bold; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">内部属性 | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0,0); border-top: silver 1px solid; font-weight: bold; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">描述 |
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ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: rgb(51,51) 1px dotted; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; color: rgb(0,0); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px" name="_Class_">[[Class]] | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">一个字符串值,表明了该对象的类型.
然后给了一段解释:
所有内置对象的[[Class]]属性的值是由本规范定义的.所有宿主对象的[[Class]]属性的值可以是任意值,甚至可以是内置对象使用过的[[Class]]属性的值.[[Class]]属性的值可以用来判断一个原生对象属于哪种内置类型.需要注意的是,除了通过Object.prototype.toString方法之外,本规范没有提供任何其他方式来让程序访问该属性的值(查看 15.2.4.2).
也就是说,把Object.prototype.toString方法返回的字符串,去掉前面固定的"[object "和后面固定的"]",就是内部属性[[class]]的值,也就达到了判断对象类型的目的.jQuery中的工具方法$.type(),就是干这个的.
在ES3中,规范文档并没有总结出[[class]]内部属性一共有几种,不过我们可以自己统计一下,原生对象的[[class]]内部属性的值一共有10种.分别是:"Array","Boolean","Date","Error","Function","Math","Number","Object","RegExp","String".
ECMAScript 5
在ES5.1中,除了规范写的更详细一些以外,Object.prototype.toString方法和[[class]]内部属性的定义上也有一些变化,Object.prototype.toString方法的规范如下:
15.2.4.2 Object.prototype.toString ( )
如果this的值为undefined,则返回"[object Undefined]".
如果this的值为null,则返回"[object Null]".
让O成为调用ToObject(this)的结果.
让class成为O的内部属性[[Class]]的值.
返回三个字符串"[object ",class,以及 "]"连接后的新字符串.
可以看出,比ES3多了1,2,3步.第1,2步属于新规则,比较特殊,因为"Undefined"和"Null"并不属于[[class]]属性的值,需要注意的是,这里和严格模式无关(大部分函数在严格模式下,this的值才会保持undefined或null,非严格模式下会自动成为全局对象).第3步并不算是新规则,因为在ES3的引擎中,也都会在这一步将三种原始值类型转换成对应的包装对象,只是规范中没写出来.ES5中,[[Class]]属性的解释更加详细:
所有内置对象的[[Class]]属性的值是由本规范定义的.所有宿主对象的[[Class]]属性的值可以是除了"Arguments","Array","JSON","String"之外的的任何字符串.[[Class]]内部属性是引擎内部用来判断一个对象属于哪种类型的值的.需要注意的是,本规范没有提供任何其他方式来让程序访问该属性的值(查看 15.2.4.2).
和ES3对比一下,第一个差别就是[[class]]内部属性的值多了两种,成了12种,一种是arguments对象的[[class]]成了"Arguments",而不是以前的"Object",还有就是多个了全局对象JSON,它的[[class]]值为"JSON".第二个差别就是,宿主对象的[[class]]内部属性的值,不能和这12种值冲突,不过在支持ES3的浏览器中,貌似也没有发现哪些宿主对象故意使用那10个值.
ECMAScript 6
ES6目前还只是工作草案,但能够肯定的是,[[class]]内部属性没有了,取而代之的是另外一个内部属性[[NativeBrand]].[[NativeBrand]]属性是这么定义的:
ottom: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0,0); border-top: rgb(0,0) 2px solid; font-weight: bold; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">内部属性 | ottom: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0,0) 2px solid; font-weight: bold; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">属性值 | ottom: rgb(0,0) 2px solid; font-weight: bold; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">描述 | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">[[NativeBrand]] | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">枚举NativeBrand的一个成员.ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">该属性的值对应一个标志值(tag value),可以用来区分原生对象的类型.
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[[NativeBrand]]属性的解释:
[[NativeBrand]]内部属性用来识别某个原生对象是否为符合本规范的某一种特定类型的对象.[[NativeBrand]]内部属性的值为下面这些枚举类型的值中的一个:NativeFunction,NativeArray,StringWrapper,BooleanWrapper,NumberWrapper,NativeMath,NativeDate,NativeRegExp,NativeError,NativeJSON,NativeArguments,NativePrivateName.[[NativeBrand]]内部属性仅用来区分区分特定类型的ECMAScript原生对象.只有在表10中明确指出的对象类型才有[[NativeBrand]]内部属性.
表10 — [[NativeBrand]]内部属性的值
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border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">Array objectsottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">StringWrapper | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">String objectsottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">BooleanWrapper | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">Boolean objectsottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NumberWrapper | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">Number objectsottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeMath | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">The Math objectottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeDate | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">Date objectsottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeRegExp | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">RegExp objectsottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeError | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">Error objectsottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeJSON | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">The JSON objectottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeArguments | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">Arguments objectsottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativePrivateName | ottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">Private Name objects
可见,和[[class]]不同的是,并不是每个对象都拥有[[NativeBrand]].同时,Object.prototype.toString方法的规范也改成了下面这样:
15.2.4.2 Object.prototype.toString ( )
在toString方法被调用时,则返回"[object Null]".
让O成为调用ToObject(this)的结果.
如果O有[[NativeBrand]]内部属性,让tag成为表29中对应的值.
否则
让hasTag成为调用O的[[HasProperty]]内部方法后的结果,参数为@@toStringTag.
如果hasTag为false,则让tag为"Object".
否则,
让tag成为调用O的[[Get]]内部方法后的结果,参数为@@toStringTag.
如果tag是一个abrupt completion,则让tag成为normalCompletion("???").
让tag成为tag.[[value]].
如果Type(tag)不是字符串,则让tag成为"???".
如果tag的值为"Arguments",或
者"String"中的任一个,则让tag成为字符串"~"和tag当前的值连接后的结果.
返回三个字符串"[object ",tag,and "]"连接后的新字符串.
表29 — [[NativeBrand]] 标志值
ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0,0); border-top: black 1px solid; font-weight: bold; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">[[NativeBrand]]值 | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">标志值 | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeFunction | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeArray | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">StringWrapper | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">BooleanWrapper | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NumberWrapper | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeMath | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeDate | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeRegExp | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeError | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeJSON | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: black 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: black 1px solid; border-right: rgb(0,0) 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">NativeArguments | ottom: black 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: black 1px solid; padding-top: 3px">
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可以看到,在规范上有了很大的变化,不过对于普通用户来说,貌似感觉不到.
也许你发现了,ES6里的新类型Map,Set等,都没有在表29中.它们在执行toString方法的时候返回的是什么?
其中的字符串"Map"是怎么来的呢:
15.14.5.13 Map.prototype.@@toStringTag
@@toStringTag 属性的初始值为字符串"Map".
由于ES6的规范还在制定中,各种相关规定都有可能改变,所以如果想了解更多细节.看看下面这两个链接,现在只需要知道的是:[[class]]没了,使用了更复杂的机制.
以上所述是小编给大家分享的JavaScript中Object.prototype.toString方法的原理,希望对大家有所帮助!