回溯8个Queens Python问题

问题描述

我已经开始通过Python回溯解决8个皇后区问题。一切都很好。它甚至打印出第一个答案。但是,它坚持进行第一次回溯尝试。

任务听起来像这样:

实现一个解决8个皇后难题的Python函数。 8个皇后难题包括在棋盘上放置8个皇后,因此,任何一个皇后都无法捕获其他任何皇后。请注意,皇后可以在任何方向上正交或对角移动。

您应该实现一个功能solve(),该函数在被调用时将打印难题的第一个解决方案,然后等待输入。用户按下“ enter”(输入)后,将打印下一个解决方案,依此类推。

-您的程序应该只能找到该拼图的所有解决方案,而每个解决方案只能找到一次。'

-修改程序应该很容易,以便它适用于不同的电路板尺寸。提示

-在任何一行中,都有一个皇后。因此,您需要计算的是可以放置8个皇后中的每一个的列。

-您应该实现一个递归函数solve(n),该函数找到第n + 1个皇后的位置,然后递归调用第n + 1个皇后的位置(除非已放置所有皇后)。应该使用回溯系统地探索所有可能性。

-如有必要,允许(鼓励)定义其他函数(resolve()除外)以提高代码质量。


    import numpy as np
    grid = np.zeros((8,8),dtype = int)
    
    
    def possible(y,n):
        global solved
        global grid
        for i in range(0,8):
            if grid[y][i] == n:
                return False
        try:
            for item in solved[str(y)]:
                if grid[y].all() == item.all():
                    return False
        except KeyError:
            return True
        return True
    
    max_y = 7
    max_x = 7
    
    def print_grid():
        global grid
        for line in grid:
            for square in line:
                if square == 0:
                    print(".",end = " ")
                else :
                    print("Q",end = " ")
            print()
    
    solved = {}
    
    def prefilled_solved():
        global solved
        for i in range(0,len(grid[0])):
            solved[f"{str(i)}"] = []
    
    def solve(y=0):
        global grid
        global solved
        while y < 8:
            for x in range(0,8):
                if grid[y][x] == 0:
                    if possible(x,1):
                        grid[y][x] = 1
                        solved[f"{str(y)}"].append(grid[y])
                        y += 1
                        solve(y)
                        #y -= 1 or y = 0 or y -=2
                        # backtracking - bad choice
                        # grid[y][x] = 0
    
        print_grid()
        print(grid)
        return
        input("More?")
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        prefilled_solved()
        solve()

我遵循了@mkam的建议,现在我有了皇后的随机星座,但是我完全摆脱了递归。

```import numpy as np
grid = np.zeros((8,dtype = int)
from random import randint,shuffle,choice
from itertools import permutations


constellations_drawn  = []


def print_grid():
    global grid
    for line in grid:
        for square in line:
            if square == 0:
                print(".",end = " ")
            else :
                print("Q",end = " ")
        print()

solved = []

def prefilled_solved():
    global solved
    new_board = ['1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8']
    new_board_i = ''.join(new_board)
    solved = permutations(new_board_i,8)



def solve(y=0):
    global grid
    global solved
    global constellations_drawn
    list_solved = list(solved)
    len_solved = len(list_solved)
    board_drawn = list_solved[randint(0,len_solved-1)]
    board_drawn_str = ''.join(board_drawn)
    while board_drawn_str in constellations_drawn:
        board_drawn = list_solved[randint(0,len_solved - 1)]
    new_board_list = [int(item) for item in board_drawn]
    for i,x in enumerate(new_board_list):
        if grid[i-1][x-1] == 0:
            grid[i-1][x-1] = 1
            #y += 1
            #solve(y)
            #y -= 1 or y = 0 or y -=2
            # backtracking - bad choice
            # grid[y][x] = 0
    constellations_drawn.append(board_drawn_str)
    print_grid()
    print(grid)
    return
    input("More?")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    prefilled_solved()
    solve()

I've merged the code of @mkam and mine. And it works. I still use numpy ndarray.

import numpy as np

    from numpy.core._multiarray_umath import ndarray
    
    
    def print_grid(solutions_found,board) -> None:
        line: ndarray
        len_board = len(board)
        grid: ndarray = np.zeros((len_board,len_board),dtype=int)
        for i,number in enumerate(board):
            grid[i - 1][number - 1] = 1
        for line in grid:
            for square in line:
                if square == 0:
                    print(".",end=" ")
                else:
                    print("Q",end=" ")
            print()
        print(f'Solution - {solutions_found}')
    
    
    def solve(boardsize,board=[],solutions_found=0):
        if len(board) == boardsize:
            solutions_found += 1
            print_grid(solutions_found,board)
        else:
            for q in [col for col in range(1,boardsize + 1) if col not in board]:
                if is_safe(q,board):
                    solutions_found = solve(boardsize,board + [q],solutions_found)
        return solutions_found
    
    
    def is_safe(q,board,x=1):
        if not board:
            return True
        if board[-1] in [q + x,q - x]:
            return False
        return is_safe(q,board[:-1],x + 1)
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        solve(8)

解决方法

这是一个示例,说明如何使用一个简单的列表表示董事会来递归解决8皇后问题。诸如[8、4、1、3、6、2、7、5]之类的列表代表棋盘的8行,从上到下,其中Q在第一行的第8列,Q的第4列第七行,第六行的第一列...和底部行的第五列。

从空板[]开始构建解决方案,方法是将Q放在无法获取的列位置的下一行中。可能的位置是之前尚未采用的列(这是函数solve中的for循环)。对于这些可能的列位置中的每一个,函数issafe都检查该位置是否安全,以免被板上已经存在的Q对角地占据。如果位置安全,则将解决方案板再延长一行,然后重复进行解决方案,直到解决方案板填满(len(board) == boardsize),此时解决方案计数将增加并显示该板。

请注意,函数solve适用于任何大小的方形棋盘-​​所需的大小作为参数传递给solve,并且该函数返回找到的解的总数。

希望这有助于解释如何在没有numpy的情况下递归解决8皇后问题。

def display(solution_number,board):
    row = '|   ' * len(board) + '|'
    hr  = '+---' * len(board) + '+'
    for col in board:
        print(hr)
        print(row[:col*4-3],'Q',row[col*4:])
    print(f'{hr}\n{board}\nSolution - {solution_number}\n')

def issafe(q,board,x=1):
    if not board: return True
    if board[-1] in [q+x,q-x]: return False
    return issafe(q,board[:-1],x+1)

def solve(boardsize,board=[],solutions_found=0):
    if len(board) == boardsize:
        solutions_found += 1
        display(solutions_found,board)
    else:
        for q in [col for col in range(1,boardsize+1) if col not in board]:
            if issafe(q,board):
                solutions_found = solve(boardsize,board + [q],solutions_found)
    return solutions_found

if __name__ == '__main__':
    solutions = solve(8)
    print(f'{solutions} solutions found')

您提到使用yield-这也是可能的,并且会将solve转换为生成器,一次生成一个解决方案。然后,您的程序可以使用for循环依次接收每个解决方案并根据需要对其进行处理。以下yield解决方案可使用yield from,因此适用于Python v.3.3及更高版本:

def display(solution_number,board=[]):
    if len(board) == boardsize:
        yield board
    else:
        for q in [col for col in range(1,board):
                yield from solve(boardsize,board + [q])

if __name__ == '__main__':
    for solutionnumber,solution in enumerate(solve(8)):
        display(solutionnumber+1,solution)

如果递归函数issafe令人困惑,则为非递归版本:

def issafe(q,board):
    x = len(board)
    for col in board:
        if col in [q+x,q-x]: return False
        x -= 1
    return True