评估不带括号的简单数学表达式时,保持运算顺序

问题描述

我正在用C创建一个计算器程序,该程序最多包含5个数字和4个运算,然后计算答案以更好地学习该语言。我几乎所有工作都正常,除了它还没有遵循操作顺序。我能够想到的唯一方法是将乘法和除法语句移到数组的前面,将加法和减法语句移到后面,以某种方式同时对操作和数字进行排序。我绝对不知道如何去做,但是我认为这是一个非常安全的假设,即有更好,更有效的方式来完成此任务。是否有任何在C语言方面拥有更多经验的人知道该怎么做?

这是我的代码:

/* A calculator that accepts up to 5 numbers and performs
multiple mathematical operations on the given numbers. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/* Creating functions for each of
the basic mathematical operators */

double add(double x,double y) {
    /* Add variables x and y */
    return x + y;
}

double subtract(double x,double y) {
    /* Subtract variables x and y */
    return x - y;
}

double multiply(double x,double y) {
    /* Multiply variables x and y */
    return x * y;
}

double divide(double x,double y) {
    /* Divide variables x and y */
    return x / y;
}

/* "operation" typedef to point
to the above operator functions */
typedef double (*operation)(double,double);

int main() {
    double nums[5];
    char operator;
    operation operators[5];    // operator functions pointer array
    double result;
    int i = 0;    // index variable to be used for iteration

    printf("\n ################################\n");
    printf(" ########## Calculator ##########\n");
    printf(" ################################\n\n");
    printf(" You may enter up to 5 numbers in you calculation.\n");
    printf(" If you wish to enter fewer than 5 numbers,type an \"=\" as the operator after your final number.\n\n");

    while (i < 5) {
        // Getting the user's input
        printf(" Enter a number: ");
        scanf("%lf",&nums[i]);
        if (i == 4) {
            operators[i] = NULL;    // Sets the final operator to NULL
        } else {
            printf(" Enter an operator (+,-,*,/,or =): ");
            scanf(" %c",&operator);

            /* Switch statement to decide which function to run on
            the given numbers on each iteration through the loop */
            switch(operator) {
                case '+' :
                    operators[i] = add;
                    break;
                case '-' :
                    operators[i] = subtract;
                    break;
                case '*' :
                    operators[i] = multiply;
                    break;
                case '/' :
                    operators[i] = divide;
                    break;
                default :
                    operators[i] = NULL;
                    break;
            }
        }
        if (!operators[i]) break;    // Breaks out of the loop if the current operator is NULL
        i++;    // Increments the index variable up by 1
    }


    result = nums[0];
    for (i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
        if (operators[i - 1]) {
            result = operators[i - 1](result,nums[i]);
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }

    // Printing out the answer rounded to 2 decimal points
    printf("Result: %.2f\n",result);

    return 0;
}

如您所见,我在每个操作的顶部都有函数,而while循环则需要一个数字和一个运算符,并使用switch语句将适当的函数插入到数组中。之后,我有一个for循环,遍历数组并按输入顺序执行操作。这是导致答案在技术上不正确的原因,因为它对最后一次通过for循环产生的答案执行每个操作。这就是为什么我希望对数组中的操作进行排序。如果我可以在进行所有计算之前将所有运算和数字按正确的顺序排列,那么它将遵循运算的顺序并给出正确的答案。

这是我当前程序的输出示例:

################################
########## Calculator ##########
################################

You may enter up to 5 numbers in you calculation.
If you wish to enter fewer than 5 numbers,type an "=" as the operator after your final number.

Enter a number: 3
Enter an operator (+,or =): +
Enter a number: 6
Enter an operator (+,or =): -
Enter a number: 7
Enter an operator (+,or =): *
Enter a number: 3
Enter an operator (+,or =): /
Enter a number: 2
Result: 3.00
[Finished in 21.57s]

以下是我想提出的示例:

################################
########## Calculator ##########
################################

You may enter up to 5 numbers in you calculation.
If you wish to enter fewer than 5 numbers,or =): /
Enter a number: 2
Result: -1.50
[Finished in 21.57s]

任何人都可以想到实现这一目标的方法吗?

解决方法

如果表达式中不支持括号,则问题将大大简化,您可以对输入表达式使用两次传递来对其进行求值。这里的保证是表达式树的深度永远不会超过2层。第一遍负责处理更高优先级的操作(乘法,除法),并确保使用正确的符号来完成这些操作。第二遍只是将加法和减法应用于剩余的任何事物。

我假设参数可以被更改,表达式已正确解析和验证,应用程序被零除时崩溃,不处理溢出,为简单起见使用int等,所以将其视为快速而肮脏的证明-概念展示了二次通过表达评估技术。

#include <stdio.h>

enum {ADD,SUB,MUL,DIV};
int _add(int a,int b) {return a + b;}
int _sub(int a,int b) {return a - b;}
int _mul(int a,int b) {return a * b;}
int _div(int a,int b) {return a / b;}
int (*ops[4])(int x,int y) = {_add,_sub,_mul,_div};

int eval_math_expr_without_parens(int len,int *e) {
    for (int i = 0; i < len - 2; i += 2) {
        if (e[i+1] == SUB) {
            e[i+1] = ADD;
            e[i+2] *= -1;
        }

        if (e[i+1] == MUL || e[i+1] == DIV) {
            e[i+2] = ops[e[i+1]](e[i],e[i+2]);
            e[i+1] = ADD;
            e[i] = 0;
        }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < len - 2; i += 2) {
        e[i+2] = ops[e[i+1]](e[i],e[i+2]);
    }

    return len ? e[len-1] : 0;
}

int main() {
    int lens[] = {3,3,5,9,11,11};
    int exprs[][13] = {
        {2,5},{2,ADD,3},2,{20,DIV,4},4,};
    
    for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < lens[i]; j++) {
            if (j % 2) {
                printf("%c","+-*/"[exprs[i][j]]);
            }
            else {
                printf("%d",exprs[i][j]);
            }
        }
    
        printf("=%d\n",eval_math_expr_without_parens(lens[i],exprs[i]));
    }

    return 0;
}

快速测试:

$ ./a.out
2*5=10
2+5=7
2*5+3=13
2-5*3=-13
2+5*3*2-3=29
20/5+3*2-3*4=-2
20-5-3-4*2-3=1
$ ./a.out | awk -F '=' '{print $1}' | bc
10
7
13
-13
29
-2
1

如果您确实需要支持parens,那么您对树的深度是任意的,该策略将无济于事。当然,这是一个已解决的问题,因此请检查shunting yard algorithm或只是运行bc作为子过程并捕获结果(缓慢但容易)。

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