问题描述
我正在 Jupyter Notebook 中使用 Python 处理大数据（约 2500 万个点），并希望拥有一个不会永远加载的交互式图表。使用 bokeh 为我提供了交互性，Holoviews 和 Datashader 允许相对快速地绘制数据。
Python：3.7.6
散景：1.4.0
全息视图：1.14.3
Numpy：1.19.5
熊猫：1.0.1
数字：0.48.0
我运行这个示例代码没有问题：
import numpy as np,pandas as pd,holoviews as hv
from holoviews.operation.datashader import datashade
hv.extension('bokeh','matplotlib')
n = 100000
dates = pd.date_range(start='1990-01-01',freq='1T',periods=n)
point = hv.Points((dates,np.random.normal(size=(n,))))
datashade(point,cmap=['red']).opts(width=800)
给出了一个很好的图表：
但是当我将 Holoviews 选项从“点”切换到“曲线”（这是原始代码）时：
import numpy as np,periods=n)
curve = hv.Curve((dates,))))
datashade(curve,cmap=['red']).opts(width=800)
我收到了这么长的错误：
WARNING:param.dynamic_operation: Callable raised "TypingError('Failed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)\n\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1mFailed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)\n\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1mFailed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)\n\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1mFailed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)\nInternal error at <numba.typeinfer.StaticGetItemConstraint object at 0x0000021D40ACEC88>.\n\x1b[1m\x1b[1mtuple index out of range\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[1] During: typing of static-get-item at C:\\Users\\HornLab\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\datashader\\glyphs\\line.py (653)\x1b[0m\nEnable logging at debug level for details.\n\x1b[1m\nFile "..\\..\\..\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\datashader\\glyphs\\line.py",line 653:\x1b[0m\n\x1b[1mdef _xiaolinwu(i,x0,x1,y0,y1,append,*aggs_and_cols):\n <source elided>\n agg = aggs_and_cols[0]\n\x1b[1m cols = aggs_and_cols[1]\n\x1b[0m \x1b[1m^\x1b[0m\x1b[0m\n\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[1] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function _xiaolinwu at 0x0000021D2E0B98B8>))\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[2] During: typing of call at <draw_segment> (33)\n\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[3] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function _xiaolinwu at 0x0000021D2E0B98B8>))\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[4] During: typing of call at <draw_segment> (33)\n\x1b[0m\n\x1b[1m\nFile "<draw_segment>",line 33:\x1b[0m\n\x1b[1m<source missing,REPL/exec in use?>\x1b[0m\n\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[1] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function draw_segment at 0x0000021D4063DAF8>))\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[2] During: typing of call at <perform_extend_line> (13)\n\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[3] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function draw_segment at 0x0000021D4063DAF8>))\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[4] During: typing of call at <perform_extend_line> (13)\n\x1b[0m\n\x1b[1m\nFile "<perform_extend_line>",line 13:\x1b[0m\n\x1b[1m<source missing,REPL/exec in use?>\x1b[0m\n\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[1] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function perform_extend_line at 0x0000021D4063DE58>))\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[2] During: typing of call at <extend_cpu> (10)\n\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[3] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function perform_extend_line at 0x0000021D4063DE58>))\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[4] During: typing of call at <extend_cpu> (10)\n\x1b[0m\n\x1b[1m\nFile "<extend_cpu>",line 10:\x1b[0m\n\x1b[1m<source missing,REPL/exec in use?>\x1b[0m\n')".
Invoked as dynamic_operation(height=400,scale=1.0,width=400,x_range=None,y_range=None)
WARNING:param.dynamic_operation: Callable raised "TypingError('Failed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)\n\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1mFailed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)\n\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1mFailed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)\n\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1m\x1b[1mFailed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)\nInternal error at <numba.typeinfer.StaticGetItemConstraint object at 0x0000021D40ACEC88>.\n\x1b[1m\x1b[1mtuple index out of range\x1b[0m\n\x1b[0m\x1b[1m[1] During: typing of static-get-item at C:\\Users\\HornLab\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\datashader\\glyphs\\line.py (653)\x1b[0m\nEnable logging at debug level for details.\n\x1b[1m\nFile "..\\..\\..\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\datashader\\glyphs\\line.py",y_range=None)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypingError Traceback (most recent call last)
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\formatters.py in __call__(self,obj,include,exclude)
968
969 if method is not None:
--> 970 return method(include=include,exclude=exclude)
971 return None
972 else:
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\dimension.py in _repr_mimebundle_(self,exclude)
1315 combined and returned.
1316 """
-> 1317 return Store.render(self)
1318
1319
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\options.py in render(cls,obj)
1403 data,Metadata = {},{}
1404 for hook in hooks:
-> 1405 ret = hook(obj)
1406 if ret is None:
1407 continue
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\ipython\display_hooks.py in pprint_display(obj)
280 if not ip.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain'].pprint:
281 return None
--> 282 return display(obj,raw_output=True)
283
284
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\ipython\display_hooks.py in display(obj,raw_output,**kwargs)
256 elif isinstance(obj,(HoloMap,DynamicMap)):
257 with option_state(obj):
--> 258 output = map_display(obj)
259 elif isinstance(obj,Plot):
260 output = render(obj)
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\ipython\display_hooks.py in wrapped(element)
144 try:
145 max_frames = OutputSettings.options['max_frames']
--> 146 mimebundle = fn(element,max_frames=max_frames)
147 if mimebundle is None:
148 return {},{}
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\ipython\display_hooks.py in map_display(vmap,max_frames)
204 return None
205
--> 206 return render(vmap)
207
208
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\ipython\display_hooks.py in render(obj,**kwargs)
66 renderer = renderer.instance(fig='png')
67
---> 68 return renderer.components(obj,**kwargs)
69
70
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\plotting\renderer.py in components(self,fmt,comm,**kwargs)
408 doc = Document()
409 with config.set(embed=embed):
--> 410 model = plot.layout._render_model(doc,comm)
411 if embed:
412 return render_model(model,comm)
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\panel\viewable.py in _render_model(self,doc,comm)
425 if comm is None:
426 comm = state._comm_manager.get_server_comm()
--> 427 model = self.get_root(doc,comm)
428
429 if config.embed:
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\panel\viewable.py in get_root(self,preprocess)
482
483 doc = init_doc(doc)
--> 484 root = self._get_model(doc,comm=comm)
485 if preprocess:
486 self._preprocess(root)
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\panel\layout\base.py in _get_model(self,root,parent,comm)
111 if root is None:
112 root = model
--> 113 objects = self._get_objects(model,[],comm)
114 props = dict(self._init_params(),objects=objects)
115 model.update(**self._process_param_change(props))
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\panel\layout\base.py in _get_objects(self,model,old_objects,comm)
101 else:
102 try:
--> 103 child = pane._get_model(doc,comm)
104 except RerenderError:
105 return self._get_objects(model,current_objects[:i],comm)
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\panel\pane\holoviews.py in _get_model(self,comm)
237 plot = self.object
238 else:
--> 239 plot = self._render(doc,root)
240
241 plot.pane = self
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\panel\pane\holoviews.py in _render(self,root)
302 kwargs['comm'] = comm
303
--> 304 return renderer.get_plot(self.object,**kwargs)
305
306 def _cleanup(self,root):
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\plotting\bokeh\renderer.py in get_plot(self_or_cls,renderer,**kwargs)
71 combining the bokeh model with another plot.
72 """
---> 73 plot = super(bokehRenderer,self_or_cls).get_plot(obj,**kwargs)
74 if plot.document is None:
75 plot.document = Document() if self_or_cls.notebook_context else curdoc()
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\plotting\renderer.py in get_plot(self_or_cls,**kwargs)
218
219 # Initialize DynamicMaps with first data item
--> 220 initialize_dynamic(obj)
221
222 if not renderer:
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\plotting\util.py in initialize_dynamic(obj)
250 continue
251 if not len(dmap):
--> 252 dmap[dmap._initial_key()]
253
254
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\spaces.py in __getitem__(self,key)
1339 # Not a cross product and nothing cached so compute element.
1340 if cache is not None: return cache
-> 1341 val = self._execute_callback(*tuple_key)
1342 if data_slice:
1343 val = self._dataslice(val,data_slice)
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\spaces.py in _execute_callback(self,*args)
1108
1109 with dynamicmap_memoization(self.callback,self.streams):
-> 1110 retval = self.callback(*args,**kwargs)
1111 return self._style(retval)
1112
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\spaces.py in __call__(self,*args,**kwargs)
712
713 try:
--> 714 ret = self.callable(*args,**kwargs)
715 except KeyError:
716 # KeyError is caught separately because it is used to signal
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\util\__init__.py in dynamic_operation(*key,**kwargs)
1040
1041 def dynamic_operation(*key,**kwargs):
-> 1042 key,obj = resolve(key,kwargs)
1043 return apply(obj,*key,**kwargs)
1044
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\util\__init__.py in resolve(key,kwargs)
1029 elif isinstance(map_obj,DynamicMap) and map_obj._posarg_keys and not key:
1030 key = tuple(kwargs[k] for k in map_obj._posarg_keys)
-> 1031 return key,map_obj[key]
1032
1033 def apply(element,**kwargs):
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\spaces.py in __getitem__(self,**kwargs)
1041 def dynamic_operation(*key,**kwargs):
1042 key,kwargs)
-> 1043 return apply(obj,**kwargs)
1044
1045 operation = self.p.operation
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\util\__init__.py in apply(element,**kwargs)
1033 def apply(element,**kwargs):
1034 kwargs = dict(util.resolve_dependent_kwargs(self.p.kwargs),**kwargs)
-> 1035 processed = self._process(element,key,kwargs)
1036 if (self.p.link_dataset and isinstance(element,Dataset) and
1037 isinstance(processed,Dataset) and processed._dataset is None):
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\util\__init__.py in _process(self,element,kwargs)
1015 elif isinstance(self.p.operation,Operation):
1016 kwargs = {k: v for k,v in kwargs.items() if k in self.p.operation.param}
-> 1017 return self.p.operation.process_element(element,**kwargs)
1018 else:
1019 return self.p.operation(element,**kwargs)
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\operation.py in process_element(self,**params)
192 self.p = param.ParamOverrides(self,params,193 allow_extra_keywords=self._allow_extra_keywords)
--> 194 return self._apply(element,key)
195
196
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\operation.py in _apply(self,key)
139 if not in_method:
140 element._in_method = True
--> 141 ret = self._process(element,key)
142 if hasattr(element,'_in_method') and not in_method:
143 element._in_method = in_method
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\operation\datashader.py in _process(self,key)
1496
1497 def _process(self,key=None):
-> 1498 agg = rasterize._process(self,key)
1499 shaded = shade._process(self,agg,key)
1500 return shaded
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\operation\datashader.py in _process(self,key)
1475 if k in transform.param})
1476 op._precomputed = self._precomputed
-> 1477 element = element.map(op,predicate)
1478 self._precomputed = op._precomputed
1479
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\data\__init__.py in pipelined_fn(*args,**kwargs)
203
204 try:
--> 205 result = method_fn(*args,**kwargs)
206 if PipelineMeta.disable:
207 return result
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\data\__init__.py in map(self,**kwargs)
1220
1221 def map(self,**kwargs):
-> 1222 return super(Dataset,self).map(*args,**kwargs)
1223 map.__doc__ = LabelledData.map.__doc__
1224
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\dimension.py in map(self,map_fn,specs,clone)
708 return deep_mapped
709 else:
--> 710 return map_fn(self) if applies else self
711
712
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\operation.py in __call__(self,**kwargs)
212 elif ((self._per_element and isinstance(element,Element)) or
213 (not self._per_element and isinstance(element,ViewableElement))):
--> 214 return self._apply(element)
215 elif 'streams' not in kwargs:
216 kwargs['streams'] = self.p.streams
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\holoviews\core\operation.py in _apply(self,key)
468
469 dfdata = PandasInterface.as_dframe(data)
--> 470 agg = getattr(cvs,glyph)(dfdata,x.name,y.name,agg_fn)
471 if 'x_axis' in agg.coords and 'y_axis' in agg.coords:
472 agg = agg.rename({'x_axis': x,'y_axis': y})
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\core.py in line(self,source,x,y,axis,geometry,antialias)
403 format(agg))
404 warnings.warn(message)
--> 405 return bypixel(source,self,glyph,agg)
406
407 def area(self,agg=None,axis=0,y_stack=None):
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\core.py in bypixel(source,canvas,agg)
1211 with np.warnings.catch_warnings():
1212 np.warnings.filterwarnings('ignore',r'All-NaN (slice|axis) encountered')
-> 1213 return bypixel.pipeline(source,schema,agg)
1214
1215
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\utils.py in __call__(self,head,*rest,**kwargs)
107 typ = type(head)
108 if typ in lk:
--> 109 return lk[typ](head,**kwargs)
110 for cls in getmro(typ)[1:]:
111 if cls in lk:
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\data_libraries\pandas.py in pandas_pipeline(df,summary)
15 @bypixel.pipeline.register(pd.DataFrame)
16 def pandas_pipeline(df,summary):
---> 17 return glyph_dispatch(glyph,df,summary)
18
19
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\utils.py in __call__(self,**kwargs)
110 for cls in getmro(typ)[1:]:
111 if cls in lk:
--> 112 return lk[cls](head,**kwargs)
113 raise TypeError("No dispatch for {0} type".format(typ))
114
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\data_libraries\pandas.py in default(glyph,summary,cuda)
43
44 bases = create((height,width))
---> 45 extend(bases,x_st + y_st,x_range + y_range)
46
47 return finalize(bases,~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\glyphs\line.py in extend(aggs,vt,bounds,plot_start)
71 do_extend(
72 sx,tx,sy,ty,xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax,---> 73 xs,ys,plot_start,*aggs_and_cols
74 )
75
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\numba\dispatcher.py in _compile_for_args(self,**kws)
399 e.patch_message(msg)
400
--> 401 error_rewrite(e,'typing')
402 except errors.UnsupportedError as e:
403 # Something unsupported is present in the user code,add help info
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\numba\dispatcher.py in error_rewrite(e,issue_type)
342 raise e
343 else:
--> 344 reraise(type(e),e,None)
345
346 argtypes = []
~\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\numba\six.py in reraise(tp,value,tb)
666 value = tp()
667 if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
--> 668 raise value.with_traceback(tb)
669 raise value
670
TypingError: Failed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)
Failed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)
Failed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)
Failed in nopython mode pipeline (step: nopython frontend)
Internal error at <numba.typeinfer.StaticGetItemConstraint object at 0x0000021D40ACEC88>.
tuple index out of range
[1] During: typing of static-get-item at C:\Users\HornLab\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\glyphs\line.py (653)
Enable logging at debug level for details.
File "..\..\..\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\datashader\glyphs\line.py",line 653:
def _xiaolinwu(i,*aggs_and_cols):
<source elided>
agg = aggs_and_cols[0]
cols = aggs_and_cols[1]
^
[1] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function _xiaolinwu at 0x0000021D2E0B98B8>))
[2] During: typing of call at <draw_segment> (33)
[3] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function _xiaolinwu at 0x0000021D2E0B98B8>))
[4] During: typing of call at <draw_segment> (33)
File "<draw_segment>",line 33:
<source missing,REPL/exec in use?>
[1] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function draw_segment at 0x0000021D4063DAF8>))
[2] During: typing of call at <perform_extend_line> (13)
[3] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function draw_segment at 0x0000021D4063DAF8>))
[4] During: typing of call at <perform_extend_line> (13)
File "<perform_extend_line>",line 13:
<source missing,REPL/exec in use?>
[1] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function perform_extend_line at 0x0000021D4063DE58>))
[2] During: typing of call at <extend_cpu> (10)
[3] During: resolving callee type: type(cpudispatcher(<function perform_extend_line at 0x0000021D4063DE58>))
[4] During: typing of call at <extend_cpu> (10)
File "<extend_cpu>",line 10:
<source missing,REPL/exec in use?>
如果我删除“datashade”线并仅绘制 Holoviews 曲线图，则它可以正常工作。但是如果它是一个 2500 万个点图，它会花费很长时间，这就是为什么我需要 Datashader：
import numpy as np,)))).opts(width = 1000)
curve
输出图：
关于什么可能导致此错误的任何想法？如果需要，我可以提供任何其他信息。
解决方法
您的 Datashader 代码在我的系统上运行良好：
也许您有一些旧版本，尤其是 Numba？